{"id":2246,"date":"2023-01-15T17:27:02","date_gmt":"2023-01-15T09:27:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ecology.shanghai-visual.org\/web\/?p=2246"},"modified":"2023-01-29T01:19:01","modified_gmt":"2023-01-28T17:19:01","slug":"biotiming_","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecology.shanghai-visual.org\/web\/biotiming_\/","title":{"rendered":"Biotiming_"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Keyi GU \u53e4\u73c2\u61ff Oliver CAO \u66f9\u7130\u94d6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Case Study<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Some cases about visualization of nature<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
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Some interested points about nature<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Nature is a complex system, each part is inextricably linked, and we know very little about it. Therefore, after simple research, we have produced some points of interest in nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. earthquake, which shows the power of geology<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. tree rings, which shows the time recording of forest<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. flowering, which is the one of the most beautiful part of nature<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. poisonous plant, which is a special way for nature to protect itself.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. soil, which feed both nature and human<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. Bioluminescence, which is a magical part of China but seldom found by human<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Finally we choose Bioluminescence as our research target.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Data Driven Research hypothesis<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Why Bioluminescence<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    Magical Appearance<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

    The phenomenon of bioluminescence is very magical. We rarely encounter it in our lives. It is a very interesting part of nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    E<\/strong>ager of <\/strong>K<\/strong>nowledge<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

    There are a lot of questions we want to ask, such as : What species are they? Where can we find it ? Why can they glow? Why they should glow? What’s the color of them? What’s its relationship between the bioluminescence and human-beings?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    Dataset Obtaining<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    iN<\/strong>atura<\/strong>list<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    iNaturalist is a joint initiative of the California Academy of Sciences and the National Geographic Society. Human can use iNaturalist to share information with other people who are interested in nature. It is also an opportunity for users to validate the photos and information recorded during field trips, and to provide information on species distribution for the IUCN Red List assessments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    There is api for us to obtain data from it. The link: www.inaturalist.org\/observations\/export?flow_task_id=216239<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    Other Completing<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

    Some datasets about fungi and poisonous plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Visualization work<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Visualization of Scientific Classification<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
    Kingdom – WHAT<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n
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    \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

    Based on the data by observed by iNaturalist user. The light-emitting organisms discovered now are mainly fungi, animals and chromista. Look down to the lower level such as Order, agaricales and coleoptera are the biggest groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    In fact, observed organisms in the fungal kingdom account for the largest proportion. But it doesn’t necessary means fungi has the largest group of bioluminescent species. We think the reasons for the result can be :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. There are many deep-sea animals in the animal kingdom that can emit light. According to scientific statistics, these light-emitting animals account for about 80% of all light-emitting creatures. But since they live in the ocean, people do not often see them.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. Observations of Algae glowing need to be made at a specific time, when the glowing algae are gathered together and the angle of incidence of the light is suitable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Protozoa are too small to observe.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. Plants that can emit light are relatively rare, which may due to the slow oxidation of phosphorus on the body surface.\uff08Their emission process tends to be bioinorganic\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
      Phylum, Class, Order ,Family, Genus,- Where<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      We guessed that the distribution of these luminescent species must be related to climatic conditions, and then analyzed the climatic characteristics of the luminescent organisms gathering zone: it is more common in temperate continental climate and subtropical humid climate zone. Part of the reason, we suspect, is that such climatic conditions are favorable for the vast majority of species. Another one may be related to the material and energy conditions required for bioluminescence reactions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      We tried to analyze the regularity of luminescent biological observation events from the perspective of geographical distribution. Firstly, we visualized the luminescent biodistribution found by all iNaturalist users.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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      \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      First of all, according to the global overall map, we can find that luminescent organisms are mainly distributed in the United States, New Zealand, and the southeastern coastal areas of Australia. We speculate that the users of iNatualist are mainly distributed in these three areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      After that, we changed the map into satellite version and found the relationship between the location distribution of luminous organisms and the geographical environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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      \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      It can be seen that luminescent organisms are mainly distributed in coastal areas or inland densely forested areas. Next we tried to explore how different species of species differ in their distribution. Therefore, we subdivided the latitude down, and selected the Arthropoda and Basidiomycota in the fungi kingdom for subdivision research, because these two species have the largest number and are more representative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
      \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      After refining the classification to the phylum level, we found that the distinction between the two species was still not significant enough, and we continued to subdivide vertically downwards. The figure below shows the breakdown for the phylum Arthropoda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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      \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      For the phylum Arthropoda, it is not until the family level that we find pre-species differences. There have been some differences between the firefly family, the clasperidae, and the firefly family. For fireflies, we also looked at additional literature showing species adapted to mesophyll tropical forests, secondary plants, swampy areas and open fields where their larvae have abundant food sources. This also explains why the observed fireflies exhibit the above distribution pattern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Below, we perform a detailed analysis of the Basidiomycota phylum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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      \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      For Basidiomycota, we did not find differences in species distribution until the genus level. The genus Umbilus is mainly found in Australia, while the genus Pleurotus in the Americas is also quite different from the genus Pleurotus. Pleurotus is mainly distributed on the west coast, and Pleurotus is mainly distributed on the east coast. The specific reason should be related to the habitat conditions of these genus, and we will check more literature to confirm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      We next asked the question: Why would this part of the creature need to glow in these regions?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Combined with the literature, the following conjectures are made:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. It is simply the way in which this type of creature attracts a mate for reproduction.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. In forests or swamps, where there is less wind, immobile organisms such as fungi need to attract insects through light to help them spread spores to reproduce.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      3. The climate is humid, the oxygen is sufficient, and the trees are lush, all of which provide the basic conditions for bioluminescence\u2014the process of luciferase decomposing luciferin requires lignin, reactive oxygen species, suitable temperature and humidity, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
        Family, Genus, Species – When<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

        Here we mainly analyze the regularity of bioluminescent observation events from the time dimension. Due to the differences in suitable living conditions and life cycles among species, we refined the granularity of species classification to an appropriate category to ensure the similarity of species and the sample size within a credible range. In addition, due to the differences in seasons between the northern and southern hemispheres, we classify them and discuss them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        \u8be5\u7cfb\u5217\u56fe\u8868\u6309\u7167\u4e00\u5e74\u4efd\u4e3a\u5355\u4f4d\u7edf\u8ba1\u4e86\u4ece2005\u5e74\u8d77\u81f3\u4eca\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u5357\u5317\u534a\u7403\u5206\u522b\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u53d1\u5149\u751f\u7269\uff08\u6309\u7167Fungi\u3001Animal\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u7c7b\u8fdb\u884c\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u518d\u6df1\u5165\u7ec6\u5206\u81f3family\uff09\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6b21\u6570\u3002\u56fe\u8868\u8272\u5f69\u4ee3\u8868species\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u67e5\u770b\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u53d1\u5149\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u6b21\u6570\u7edf\u8ba1\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u591f\u89c2\u5bdf\u8be5\u65f6\u6bb5\u5185\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u7684\u53d1\u5149\u751f\u7269\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        This series of charts shows the number of bioluminescent species (classified by Fungi and Animal, and further subdivided into family) observed in the northern and southern hemispheres since 2005.The color of the chart represents the classification of species in order to observe the abundance of bioluminescent species observed during that time period in addition to the number of observed bioluminescent species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        \u5317\u534a\u7403\u53d1\u73b0\u53d1\u5149\u771f\u83cc\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5927\u591a\u96c6\u4e2d\u57288\/9\/10\u6708\u4efd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7269\u79cd\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u65f6\u95f4\u5448\u73b0\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u5468\u671f\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Fungi Kingdom: Most luminescent Fungi are found in Aug\/Sep\/October in the Northern Hemisphere.We’ll see that some of these species are found in vague periodicity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        \u8fd9\u662f\u51e0\u79cd\u5728\u89c2\u6d4b\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\u5448\u73b0\u5e74\u590d\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u771f\u83cc\u3002\u8fd9\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u611f\u5230\u597d\u5947\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u8fd9\u6bb5\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff1f\u8fd9\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8054\u60f3\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u83cc\u83c7\u7684\u53d1\u5149\u5c5e\u6027\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u540c\u6e90\u6027\uff1f\u5373\u662f\u5426\u7531\u540c\u79cd\u57fa\u56e0\u8868\u8fbe\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        These are several fungi that show year-to-year patterns in observation time. This makes us wonder about their life cycle. Why this particular time? This makes us wonder if the luminescence properties of these fungi are homologous. Is it expressed by the same gene?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        \u4ece\u89c2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u6765\u770b\uff0cMycena \u5728\u5357\u5317\u534a\u7403\u90fd\u6709\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u4e14\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u590f\u5b63\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8150\u751f\u751f\u7269\u6216\u8bb8\u975e\u5e38\u559c\u7231\u6f6e\u6e7f\u6e29\u6696\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u89e3\u6709\u673a\u7269\u7684\u9002\u5b9c\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Mycena was observed in both the northern and southern hemispheres and was observed in the summer. These saprophytes may have enjoyed the moist and warm conditions that provided them with the right conditions to decompose organic matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        \u52a8\u7269\u7c7b\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u6837\u672c\u6570\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u4e2d\u4f9d\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u53d1\u5149\u751f\u7269\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e3b\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6625\u590f\u5b63\uff0c\u5373\u56db\u6708\u81f3\u5341\u6708\u4efd\u3002\u52a8\u7269\u7c7b\u7684\u53d1\u5149\u751f\u7269\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u662f\u8424\u706b\u866b\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u6625\u590f\u5b63\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b63\u597d\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7e41\u6b96\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u53d1\u5149\u6765\u5438\u5f15\u5f02\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u8424\u706b\u866b\u7684\u6574\u4e2a\u751f\u547d\u2014\u2014\u5375-\u5e7c\u866b-\u86f9-\u6210\u866b\u2014\u2014\u4ece4\u4e2a\u6708\u52301\u5e74\u4e0d\u7b49\u3002\u590f\u591c\u53d1\u5149\u8424\u706b\u866b\u5927\u591a\u662f\u7834\u86f9\u800c\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u6210\u5e74\u201d\u8424\u706b\u866b,\u5373\u6210\u866b\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u7fa4\u8424\u706b\u866b\u4e2d,\u96c4\u8424\u706b\u866b\u4f1a\u5148\u53d1\u5149,\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u53d1\u5149\u6765\u201c\u547c\u5524\u201d\u5f02\u6027,\u96cc\u8424\u706b\u866b\u5728\u96c4\u8424\u706b\u866b\u53d1\u5149\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u53d1\u5149\u4f5c\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The number of animal samples is small, but it can still be found that the observed events of luminescent organisms mainly occur in spring and summer, that is, from April to October.Among the bioluminescent creatures in the animal class, the most common is the firefly, which is mainly concentrated in spring and summer, which is the time when they breed and need to glow to attract the opposite sex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The entire life of a firefly — egg, larva, pupa, adult — ranges from four months to a year.Most of these summer glow fireflies are “adults,” or adults, that emerge from their pupae. In a group of fireflies, the males glow first. They glow to “call” the opposite sex, and the females respond by glowing after the males have been glowing for some time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Scientific Support<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
        Bioluminous Mechanism<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

        Almost all bioluminescent organisms known use oxygen to produce the electronically excited product (oxyluciferin), which decays to the ground state by photon emission (see reaction scheme below)<\/em>[1]<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

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        \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n
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        \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

        This might can certificate our speculation in 3.1-visualization part that concentration of Oxygen in the environment are related to luminescence. Also, other clues shows the bioluminescence emission is influenced by the ambient humidity. Below are the citiatons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Anecdotally, it is well known by the local inhabitants and has been observed by authors of this manuscript (C.V.S., H.E.W., and A.G.O.) that the amount of bioluminescence emitted by N. gardneri varies greatly depending, of course, on the size and age of the fruiting body but also on the <\/em>ambient humidity<\/em><\/strong>, optimal conditions being nighttime after a hot day with an afternoon rain storm and a light evening\/night breeze. These were the conditions in the forest during the rainy season in March 2013 when the experiments described in the article were performed<\/em>[2]<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u5df2\u7ecf\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230N. gardneri\u53d1\u51fa\u7684\u751f\u7269\u53d1\u5149\u91cf\u53d8\u5316\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u5e74\u9f84\u3002\u5b50\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e<\/em>\u73af\u5883\u6e7f\u5ea6<\/em><\/strong>\uff0c\u6700\u4f73\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u5728\u708e\u70ed\u7684\u4e00\u5929\u540e\u7684\u591c\u95f4\uff0c\u4e0b\u5348\u6709\u66b4\u96e8\u548c\u5fae\u98ce\/\u665a\u98ce\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Luminous fungi are found growing on decaying wood, leading to the popular name of “<\/em>foxfire<\/em><\/a>” or “glow wood” when their glow is visible at night.<\/em>[55]<\/em><\/a>The responsible <\/em>oxidative enzymes<\/em><\/a>\u2014known generically as <\/em>luciferases<\/em><\/a>\u2014produce light by <\/em>oxidizing<\/em><\/a> a <\/em>pigment<\/em><\/a> called a <\/em>luciferin<\/em><\/a>. In some areas, <\/em>P. stypticus<\/em> is bioluminescent, and the fruit bodies of these strains will glow in the dark when fresh or sometimes when revived in water after drying.<\/em>[25]<\/em><\/a> <\/em>[3]<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u5728\u8150\u70c2\u7684\u6728\u6750\u4e0a\u751f\u957f\u7740\u53d1\u5149\u771f\u83cc\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u591c\u95f4\u53d1\u5149\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u72d0\u72f8\u706b\u201d\u6216\u201c\u53d1\u5149\u6728\u5934\u201d\u3002[55]\u8d1f\u8d23\u7684\u6c27\u5316\u9176\u2014\u2014\u901a\u5e38\u79f0\u4e3aluciferases\u2014\u2014\u901a\u8fc7\u6c27\u5316\u4e00\u79cd\u53eb\u505aaluciferin\u7684\u8272\u7d20\u6765\u4ea7\u751f\u5149\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5730\u533a\uff0cP. stypticus\u662f\u751f\u7269\u53d1\u5149\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u83cc\u682a\u7684\u679c\u4f53\u5728\u65b0\u9c9c\u65f6\u4f1a\u5728\u9ed1\u6697\u4e2d\u53d1\u5149\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5e72\u71e5\u540e\u5728\u6c34\u4e2d\u590d\u6d3b\u65f6\u4f1a\u53d1\u5149\u3002[25]<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Spectrum<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

        There is still a lack of data about luminous color in the dataset, but this is indeed an important feature for those organisms and also an attractive appearance for people. We consulted some literature and conducted some research and understanding of it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Many different organisms, ranging from bacteria and fungi to fireflies and fish, are endowed with the ability to emit light, but the bioluminescent systems are not evolutionarily conserved: genes coding for the luciferase proteins (Lase) are not homologous, and the luciferins are also different, falling into many unrelated chemical classes<\/em>[4]<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Generally, knowledge about spectrum can be informed by researches on different organisms according to the categories of Luciferases and other facters which mainly decide the colors. Below[4] <\/strong>is a table identifying Chemistry and color of bioluminescence in different organisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        To better visualize the different appearce of the Luciferins, here is a spectrum[5] <\/strong>drawn by researchers, which is called as Key properties of natural luciferas- es. Average size and spectral characteristics of natural luciferas- es from different organisms and NanoLuc(\u5929\u7136\u8367\u5149\u7d20\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u6027\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u751f\u7269\u548c\u7eb3\u7c73\u8367\u5149\u7d20\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5927\u5c0f\u548c\u5149\u8c31\u7279\u5f81).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        Researcher has also discovered that the color of bioluminescence appears to be associated with habitat, which can be shown both in the graph and the text below.<\/p>\n\n\n

        \n
        \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

        (b) Colors of emission: ecological aspects<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Altogether, emission spectra for members of approx. 170 of the approx. 670 luminous genera have been reported; peak emissions are clustered in the blue, the green and the orange, with a few outliers in the deep violet at 400nm and far red at 620nm (Fig. 1). <\/em>Color appears to be associated to some extent with habitat<\/em><\/strong>; the great majority of <\/em>pelagic and deep sea species<\/em><\/strong> have <\/em>blue<\/em><\/strong> emissions, with maxima centered mostly in the <\/em>450-490 nm <\/em><\/strong>range, while those of the<\/em> coastal marine species<\/em><\/strong> are largely in the <\/em>green (490-520 nm)<\/em><\/strong> region. In contrast, <\/em>peak emissions of terrestrial and fresh water species<\/em><\/strong> are clustered around <\/em>550-580 nm<\/em><\/strong>..<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        (b)\u6392\u653e\u7684\u989c\u8272:\u751f\u6001\u65b9\u9762<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ea6\u7684\u6210\u5458\u7684\u53d1\u5c04\u5149\u8c31\u3002\u5927\u7ea6\u6709170\u4e2a\u3002\u5171\u62a5\u9053\u53d1\u5149\u5c5e<\/em>670\u79cd<\/em><\/strong>;\u5cf0\u503c\u8f90\u5c04\u805a\u96c6\u5728<\/em>\u84dd\u8272\u3001\u7eff\u8272\u548c\u6a59\u8272<\/em><\/strong>\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728400nm\u5904\u7684\u6df1\u7d2b\u8272\u548c620nm\u5904\u7684\u8fdc\u7ea2\u8272\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f02\u5e38\u503c(\u56fe1)\u3002\u989c\u8272\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e0e\u6816\u606f\u5730\u6709\u5173;<\/em>\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8fdc\u6d0b\u548c\u6df1\u6d77\u7269\u79cd<\/em><\/strong>\u90fd\u6709<\/em>\u84dd\u8272<\/em><\/strong>\u7684\u8f90\u5c04\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u8f90\u5c04\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728<\/em>450-490\u7eb3\u7c73<\/em><\/strong>\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u800c<\/em>\u6cbf\u6d77\u6d77\u6d0b\u7269\u79cd<\/em><\/strong>\u7684\u8f90\u5c04\u4e3b\u8981\u5728<\/em>\u7eff\u8272(490-520\u7eb3\u7c73)<\/em><\/strong>\u533a\u57df\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c<\/em>\u9646\u5730\u548c\u6de1\u6c34\u7269\u79cd<\/em><\/strong>\u7684\u5cf0\u503c\u8f90\u5c04\u805a\u96c6\u5728<\/em>550-580 nm<\/em><\/strong>\u5de6\u53f3<\/em>[4]<\/strong>\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        To conclude, every bioluminescence has its own relatively stable spectrum showing the pattern of light emission. For example, organisms tend to have short wavelengths of light emission in the deep sea, and longer wavelengths of that in the jungle, so the color is closely related to the species and terrain, which is a direction worth exploring. And we also found the color emission can be a cycle which is related to the internal clock of the bioluminescence. These amazing discoveries are closely related to the genes in the bioluminescent organisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Flash Patterns<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

        Except for the colors, features can vary from species to species in terms of flash patterns. Below is an example from citation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Among Japanese local populations of L. cruciata, distinctive geographical variations have been identified in the flash patterns of flying adult males (Kanda, 1935; Ohba, 1984, 2001, 2004b; Tamura et al., 2005). The flash intervals are generally about 4 seconds (slow-flash type) in populations of the northern Japan (to the north of the Fossa Magna region of Honshu), and about 2 seconds (fast-flash type) in the southern Japan (to the south of the Fossa Magna region of Honshu, and Shikoku and Kyushu). Analysis of their mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene revealed three major haplotype groups, namely northern Honshu group, southern Honshu and Shikoku group, and Kyushu group. Among these, the former two groups are more closely related, suggesting the possibility that the populations of the slow-flash type may be derived from the populations of the fast-flash type (Suzuki et al., 2002)<\/em>.[6]<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u5728\u65e5\u672c\u672c\u5730\u7684\u5341\u5b57\u82b1\u79d1\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5df2\u5728\u6210\u5e74\u96c4\u6027\u98de\u884c\u7684\u95ea\u5149\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5730\u7406\u5dee\u5f02\uff08<\/em>Kanda, 1935<\/em><\/a> ;<\/em>Ohba, 1984<\/em><\/a> , <\/em>2001<\/em><\/a> , <\/em>2004b<\/em><\/a> ; <\/em>Tamura et al., 2005<\/em><\/a>\uff09\u3002\u95ea\u5149\u95f4\u9694\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u5317\u90e8\uff08\u672c\u5dde\u5927\u7a9d\u5730\u533a\u4ee5\u5317\uff09\u7684\u79cd\u7fa4\u4e2d\u4e00\u822c\u7ea6\u4e3a 4 \u79d2\uff08\u6162\u95ea\u5149\u578b\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u5357\u90e8\uff08\u81f3\u672c\u5dde\u5927\u7a9d\u5730\u533a\u3001\u56db\u56fd\u548c\u4e5d\u5dde\u4ee5\u5357\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u5176\u7ebf\u7c92\u4f53\u7ec6\u80de\u8272\u7d20\u6c27\u5316\u9176II\u57fa\u56e0\u7684\u5206\u6790\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5355\u500d\u578b\u7ec4\uff0c\u5373\u672c\u5dde\u5317\u90e8\u7ec4\u3001\u672c\u5dde\u5357\u90e8\u548c\u56db\u56fd\u7ec4\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e5d\u5dde\u7ec4\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u524d\u4e24\u7ec4\u5173\u7cfb\u66f4\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u63d0\u793a\u6162\u95ea\u578b\u79cd\u7fa4\u53ef\u80fd\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u5feb\u95ea\u578b\u79cd\u7fa4\uff08<\/em>Suzuki et al., 2002<\/em><\/a>\uff09<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Chronobiology Related Evidence<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

        We noticed from the visualization of dataset that the bioluminescence observation events of certain organisms tend to happen during certain months, which made us curious about whether it would show a pattern also in daily scale. Since we don’t have more precise data for observation time, we have to do some literature research. The ealier research suggested that bioluminescence and circadian biology share historical antecedent which means they tends to emit light at certain time in a day.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        The reason is actually easy to understand. Take fungi as an example: Fungal bioluminescence is too dim to be perceived by animals during the day but is readily perceived at night (even from smaller and less bright mushrooms than N. gardneri), so rhythmic control luminescence would be an attractive means to eliminate wasting energy through daytime luminescence.<\/em> [2]<\/em><\/strong>\u771f\u83cc\u751f\u7269\u53d1\u5149\u5728\u767d\u5929\u592a\u6697\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u52a8\u7269\u611f\u77e5\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u591c\u95f4\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u611f\u77e5\uff08\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6bd4N. gardneri\u66f4\u5c0f\u3001\u66f4\u4e0d\u4eae\u7684\u8611\u83c7\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u8282\u594f\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u53d1\u5149\u5c06\u662f\u6d88\u9664\u767d\u5929\u53d1\u5149\u6d6a\u8d39\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Circadian clocks<\/em><\/strong> are biological oscillators responsible for<\/em> maintaining the internal rhythms of animals<\/em><\/strong>, plants, fungi, and cyanobacteria to the alternation of <\/em>external stimuli as light and temperature<\/em><\/strong> [<\/em>17<\/em><\/a>]. Interestingly, <\/em>bioluminescence and circadian biology share historical antecedents.<\/em><\/strong> Studies of the luminescence of the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum (formerly Gonyaulax polyedra), shown to be regulated by a circadian clock, laid the foundations for many of the precepts and paradigms of chronobiology. These include the concept of temperature compensation and the phase response curve, the protocol used to assess the response of the clock to resetting cues as a function of time of day [<\/em>4<\/em><\/a>]. Although analysis of fungal bioluminescence appeared in the modern literature contemporaneous with that of dinoflagellates [<\/em>18<\/em><\/a>], the biochemical basis of this luminescence and its possible functional\/ecological significance have not been elucidated until very recently [<\/em>6<\/em><\/a>, <\/em>19<\/em><\/a>]. The possibility of circadian regulation was noted in the early 1960s [<\/em>12<\/em><\/a>, <\/em>13<\/em><\/a>], but it was quickly discounted, and in the subsequent 50 years only data questioning rhythmicity have appeared [<\/em>14<\/em><\/a>, <\/em>15<\/em><\/a>].<\/em>[2]<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u751f\u7269\u949f<\/em><\/strong>\u662f\u751f\u7269\u632f\u8361\u5668\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u7ef4\u6301\u52a8\u7269\u3001\u690d\u7269\u3001\u771f\u83cc\u548c\u84dd\u85fb\u7684<\/em>\u5185\u90e8\u8282\u5f8b<\/em><\/strong>\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002<\/em>\u5e94\u5916\u90e8\u523a\u6fc0\uff08\u5982\u5149\u548c\u6e29\u5ea6\uff09\u7684\u4ea4\u66ff\u53d8\u5316 <\/em><\/strong>[ <\/em>17<\/em><\/a> ]\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c<\/em>\u751f\u7269\u53d1\u5149\u548c\u663c\u591c\u8282\u5f8b\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u6709\u7740\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6e0a\u6e90<\/em><\/strong>\u3002\u5bf9\u7532\u85fb Lingulodinium polyedrum \uff08\u4ee5\u524d\u79f0\u4e3aGonyaulax polyedra \uff09\u53d1\u5149\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\u53d7\u751f\u7269\u949f\u8c03\u8282\uff0c\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u8303\u5f0f\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u6e29\u5ea6\u8865\u507f\u548c\u76f8\u4f4d\u54cd\u5e94\u66f2\u7ebf\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8be5\u534f\u8bae\u7528\u4e8e\u8bc4\u4f30\u65f6\u949f\u5bf9\u91cd\u7f6e\u63d0\u793a\u7684\u54cd\u5e94\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5929\u4e2d\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u51fd\u6570 [ <\/em>4<\/em><\/a>]\u3002\u867d\u7136\u771f\u83cc\u751f\u7269\u53d1\u5149\u7684\u5206\u6790\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e0e\u7532\u85fb\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6587\u732e\u4e2d [ <\/em>18<\/em><\/a> ]\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d1\u5149\u7684\u751f\u5316\u57fa\u7840\u53ca\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u529f\u80fd\/\u751f\u6001\u610f\u4e49\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u8fd1\u624d\u88ab\u9610\u660e [ <\/em>6<\/em><\/a> , <\/em>19<\/em><\/a> ]\u3002<\/em>\u65e9\u5728 1960 \u5e74\u4ee3[ 12<\/em><\/a> , <\/em>13<\/em><\/a> ]\u5c31\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e86\u663c\u591c\u8282\u5f8b\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u88ab\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684 50 \u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ec5\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8d28\u7591\u8282\u5f8b\u6027\u7684\u6570\u636e [ <\/em>14<\/em><\/a> , <\/em>15<\/em><\/a> ]\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        We also notice that different species tend to emit light at diffent time, which is a result of their adaption to the enviornment. This provides a possibility that each time points can be represented by different bioluminescent organisms giving light signals. Below is from the citation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Larvae of A. flava, placed in constant darkness in the laboratory, bioluminesce during the subjective scotophase, typical of nocturnal animals, whereas A. tasmaniensis shows the opposite tendency, bioluminescing most intensely during the subjective photophase.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Observations of bioluminescence in colonies of A. tasmaniensis located in the transition from a cave mouth to the dark zone show that glowing is inhibited by light exposure but a peak bioluminescence follows immediately after “dusk” at their location. The substantial difference in the circadian regulation of bioluminescence between the two species probably reflects adaptation to the cave (hypogean) habitat in A. tasmaniensis and the forest (epigean) habitat in A. flava<\/em>.[7]<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        A. flava\u7684\u5e7c\u866b\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u9ed1\u6697\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u4e3b\u89c2\u6697\u76f8\u671f\u95f4\u751f\u7269\u53d1\u5149\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u591c\u95f4\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5178\u578b\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u800cA. tasmaniensis\u5219\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u5728\u4e3b\u89c2\u5149\u76f8\u671f\u95f4\u751f\u7269\u53d1\u5149\u6700\u5f3a\u70c8 \u5bf9\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4ece\u6d1e\u7a74\u53e3\u5230\u9ed1\u6697\u533a\u57df\u8fc7\u6e21\u7684\u5854\u65af\u9a6c\u5c3c\u79cd\u83cc\u7fa4\u7684\u751f\u7269\u53d1\u5149\u89c2\u5bdf\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5149\u7167\u4f1a\u6291\u5236\u53d1\u5149\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5176\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u201c\u9ec4\u660f\u201d\u4e4b\u540e\u7acb\u5373\u51fa\u73b0\u5cf0\u503c\u751f\u7269\u53d1\u5149\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u7269\u79cd\u4e4b\u95f4\u751f\u7269\u53d1\u5149\u663c\u591c\u8282\u5f8b\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u663e\u7740\u5dee\u5f02\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5bf9A. tasmaniensis\u7684\u6d1e\u7a74\uff08hypogean\uff09\u6816\u606f\u5730\u548cA. flava\u7684\u68ee\u6797\uff08epigean\uff09\u6816\u606f\u5730\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u3002<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Visualization of perspective of users<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

        We collected user descriptions and points of interest for luminescent creatures, and obtained the following data and word cloud<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
        \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        We found that for users, the color, type and shape of luminous creatures are the most attractive parts, and our design can also focus on these places for creation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Citation\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        1. Bioluminescence: A Fungal Nightlight with an Internal Timer www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960982215000056<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        2. Circadian Control Sheds Light on Fungal Bioluminescence www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960982215001608<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        3. en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panellus_stipticus<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        4. Chemistries and colors of bioluminescent reactions: a review* www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.3109\/07420528.2012.728549?needAccess=true<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        5. Palette of Luciferases: Natural Biotools for New Applications in Biomedicine www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7385095\/<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        6. The Terrestrial Bioluminescent Animals of Japan bioone.org\/journals\/zoological-science\/volume-28\/issue-11\/zsj.28.771\/The-Terrestrial-Bioluminescent-Animals-of-Japan\/10.2108\/zsj.28.771.full<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        7. Same temporal niche, opposite rhythmicity: two closely related bioluminescent insects with opposite bioluminesce propensity rhythms pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23130886\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          Other reference see:
          Mechanism and color modulation of fungal bioluminescence           www.science.org\/doi\/full\/10.1126\/sciadv.1602847<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Design Project<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          Brainstorming<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

          <\/strong>Data\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          users uploaded the information they observed<\/em>to iNaturalist<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          <\/strong>Information\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          The distribution of species types of bioluminescence that have been observed so far<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          <\/em> <\/em>Geographical distribution of bioluminescence that have been observed so far<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Date the Bioluminescence was discovered<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Knowledge\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u7269\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u6027 \u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5206\u5e03\u5dee\u5f02\u6027 \u751f\u7269\u6d3b\u52a8\u5b63\u8282\u6027<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Species diversity \/ geographical distribution \/ differences biological activity seasonality<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Interestingly, bioluminescence and circadian biology share historical antecedents.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          insight\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          What if spectra could represent the life<\/em> of <\/em>different bioluminescent species?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \uff08 or Circadian clocks \/ life cycle\uff09<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          What if regard bioluminescence as flower, and show its flower season\uff08\u82b1\u671f\uff09.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Biotiming<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
          \n
          Click here to experience Biotiming in Figma!<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
          \n
          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
          \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
          \n
          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
          \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
          \"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Keyi GU \u53e4\u73c2\u61ff Oliver CAO \u66f9\u7130\u94d6 Case Study Some cases about visualization of nature Some interested points about nature Nature is a complex system, each part is inextricably linked, and we know very little about it. Therefore, after simple research, we have produced some points of interest in nature. Finally we choose Bioluminescence as our… Read More »Biotiming_<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2246","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-students-projects"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecology.shanghai-visual.org\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2246","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecology.shanghai-visual.org\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecology.shanghai-visual.org\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecology.shanghai-visual.org\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecology.shanghai-visual.org\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2246"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/ecology.shanghai-visual.org\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2246\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2914,"href":"https:\/\/ecology.shanghai-visual.org\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2246\/revisions\/2914"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ecology.shanghai-visual.org\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2246"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecology.shanghai-visual.org\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2246"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ecology.shanghai-visual.org\/web\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2246"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}